The department of higher education, one hand of the Ministry of Human Resource Development — MHRD is the government body that supervises higher education in India. The ministry was a single unit until it bifurcated on 26th September 1985, to the department of school education and literacy, which deals with primary, secondary and higher secondary education, adult education and literacy, and the department of higher education, which deals with the university education, technical education, scholarships, etc. A cabinet-ranked member of the council of ministers heads the HRD ministry, who may be assisted by deputy ministers called ministers of state.
For ease of governance, the department of higher education is divided into eight bureaus which are,
- University and Higher Education; Minorities Education
- Technical Education
- Administration and Languages
- Distance Education and Scholarships
- UNESCO, International Cooperation, Book Promotion and Copyrights, Education Policy, Planning, and Monitoring
- Integrated Finance Division.
- Statistics, Annual Plan and CMIS
- Administrative Reform, North Eastern Region, SC/ST/OBC
Under each of these bureaus there are several autonomous institutions, sum up to more than 100 in number, through which the department implements its day to day functions. Among those, the University Grants Commission (UGC) comes under the ‘University and Higher Education; Minorities Education’ bureau whereas IITs, NITs, IIMs, and IISERs come under the ‘Technical Education’ bureau.
India has the third-largest higher educational system in the world, next to the United States of America and China, and it comprises 45 Central Universities, 318 State Universities, 185 State Private universities, 129 Deemed-to-be-Universities, 51 Institutions of National Importance under MHRD, and four Institutions established under various State legislations as per the latest data available from Ministry of HRD. The number of Universities/University level institutions has grown 34 times and the number of colleges became 74 times compared to the numbers reported in 1950. In India, “University” means a ‘University established or incorporated by or under a Central Act, a Provincial Act or a State Act and includes any such institution as may, in consultation with the University concerned, be recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC) in accordance with the regulations made in this regard under the UGC Act, 1956’ (Adapted from UGC Act, 1956). University/University-level Institutions are categorized into six; (Information adapted from http://mhrd.gov.in)
Central University: A university established or incorporated by a Central Act.
State University: A university established or incorporated by a Provincial Act or by a State Act.
Private University: A university established through a State/Central Act by a sponsoring body viz. A Society registered under the Societies Registration Act 1860, or any other corresponding law for the time being in force in a State or a Public Trust or a Company registered under Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956.
Deemed-to-be University: An Institution Deemed to be University, commonly known as Deemed University, refers to a high-performing institution, which has been so declared by Central Government under Section 3 of the University Grants Commission (UGC) Act, 1956.
Institution of National Importance: An Institution established by Act of Parliament and declared as Institution of National Importance.
Institution under State Legislature Act: An Institution established or incorporated by a State Legislature Act.
Both the central government and the provincial state governments share the responsibility of higher education in India. UGC is the main governing and coordinating body at tertiary level education in the country. It advises the department of higher education in making various policies, enforce its standards on courses and curriculum offered by universities, and helps in the coordination between the center and the provincial states. The motto of UGC is ‘Gyan-Vigyan Vimuktaye’ which translates to knowledge liberates. As of 2013 data, there are 37,204 colleges as Government Degree Colleges and Private Degree Colleges, functioning under universities and institutions reported to UGC. There are 14 autonomous institutions established by the University Grants Commission to oversee the accreditation of higher learning.
- All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)
- Distance Education Council (DEC)
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
- Bar Council of India (BCI)
- National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)
- National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE)
- Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI)
- Medical Council of India (MCI)
- Pharmacy Council of India (PCI)
- Indian Nursing Council (INC)
- Dental Council of India (DCI)
- Central Council of Homeopathy (CCH)
- Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM)
- Veterinary Council of India (VCI)
All India survey of higher education conducted by MHRD reports, the total enrollment in higher education has been estimated to be 28.56 million with 15.87 million boys and 12.69 million girls. Girls constitute 44.4% of the total enrollment. At the undergraduate level, the highest percentage of students are enrolled in Arts (34%) followed by Engineering & Technology (19%), Commerce (14.5%), and Science (12%). At the Ph.D. level, the enrollment percentage is less than 1% only.
The rapid development of technical education is clearly visible as the country is capable of graduating above 500,000 engineers per year. In addition, around 350,000 students enroll in engineering diploma programs every year.
UGC has introduced a new graduate-level program in vocational/skill-based education with lateral entry and multiple exit options (diploma in one year and an advanced diploma in two years) named Bachelor of Vocational Studies (B.Voc) recently. 60% of this program is vocational exposure implemented via industrial projects and hands-on experiences.
India has signed Several Educational Exchange Programme (EEP)/Memorandum of understanding (MOU) for cooperation in the field of education with multiple countries leading in education such as Germany, Sweden, Australia, UK, and the USA. MHRD lists 54 partner countries in their websites.
Top universities of India such as Jawaharlal Nehru University, Anna University, and the University of Calcutta have been internationally recognized and offers world-class education. Indira Gandhi National Open University provides distance education, a remarkable feature of India’s higher education to approximately 3.5 million students across the globe, which makes it the largest university in the world in terms of number of students.
IITs, IIMs, and AIIMS are the nation’s prestigious institutions, from which the graduates are readily placed in various jobs in the private sector. Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISERs) established to integrate graduate level science education with scientific research are emerging to be global standard institutions in terms of cutting-edge research. Institutes under CSIR and TIFR are also contributing their part to the advancement of higher education and scientific research in India.
While a few of our universities and Institutions of National importance provide world-class education and facilities, the state universities and other educational institutions are lacking behind in terms of quality and professionalism. In the era of e-learning and modern educational models, they are yet to implement the advanced methods in research and training. The major hurdles are lack of proper infrastructure, less number of experts, and deficiency of progressive thinking. Because of this, bright students of our nation are going abroad to pursue their higher education and most of them never return. European countries such as Britain, Germany, and Spain are ready to absorb Indian students as per the report of Firstpost.com. Fee waivers, easy visa, and special policies attract Indian students to the international universities of Europe.
The developed countries of America and Europe brought up their universities into an international standard by giving special emphasis to them. We can also model this and make our universities international. Promoting e-learning via National Knowledge Network (NKN) can ensure the reach of quality education in various parts of India. NKN is a Research and Education Network that is dedicated to providing a unified high-speed network backbone for educational institutions in India. The high-speed network enables a student sitting in the ‘e-class room’ of a state university, say in Sikkim to attend the lecture given by an eminent professor of the Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru situated thousands of kilometers away. Live interaction between the lecturer and students is possible via NKN which will give the experience of a real classroom. Besides this, online courses offered by top universities of the world are now available through Massive Open online courses (MOOC) which can be effectively exploited for better learning. SWAYAM (Study Webs of Active -Learning for Young Aspiring Minds) is the MOOC portal launched by the Ministry of HRD.
If we uplift our universities at least to the level of our own leading educational institutions, India can become a global educational destination. Non-extreme climate, low living cost, and low cost — high-quality education will attract students from various foreign countries. The government of India has already started a consultation service for international students through Educational consultants of India ( Ed CIL). Unique courses offered in India such as Ayurveda, Yoga, and Hindi language can also bring international students.
The average age of an Indian is decreasing. By 2030, we will become the youngest nation in the world. Without quality education and training, this youthfulness will go in vain. With the third-largest system of higher education, India has the responsibility to provide well-educated and qualified human resources to the world. For this, we have to radically reform our higher education and implement world-class standards without fail.
References :
All India survey of higher education conducted by MHRD
UGC, Act 1956
Website of MHRD
Website of UGC
Wikipedia, article on Higher Education in India
Wikipedia, article on UGC